Safety Tip #2: Don’t risk CAT IV areas without the right leads

What’s the difference in test leads?

Not all test leads are created equal. It’s very common to accumulate test leads over the years and mix them up with the newer, more robust leads available today. Test leads, just like the testers themselves, have been upgraded to meet the new safety standards established for today’s electrical environments. These standards require that the insulation between the test lead conductor and your fingers have the minimum distance to stand off the hazards that exist in the environment in which you are working. There should also be a finger guard on the outside of the probe that establishes the proper distance between your fingers and the exposed metal parts of the probe. These distances and insulating ratings have been predetermined for each installation category and voltage rating.

What’s the difference in test leads?

Not all test leads are created equal. It’s very common to accumulate test leads over the years and mix them up with the newer, more robust leads available today. Test leads, just like the testers themselves, have been upgraded to meet the new safety standards established for today’s electrical environments. These standards require that the insulation between the test lead conductor and your fingers have the minimum distance to stand off the hazards that exist in the environment in which you are working. There should also be a finger guard on the outside of the probe that establishes the proper distance between your fingers and the exposed metal parts of the probe. These distances and insulating ratings have been predetermined for each installation category and voltage rating.

Another characteristic to watch for is the amount of current test leads can safely handle. In the previous example, the Fluke 170 and 180 Series products are fused to a maximum current of 10 A. When measuring current using test leads with a current rating less than 10 A could cause the test leads to become overheated. This in turn could cause the insulation to melt and compromise the safety rating of the leads. Again, discard all leads that have discoloration or appear to have melted insulation and replace them with new ones.

Category IV ratings

Recently the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), an organization that develops safety standards, defined the standards for Category IV environments. This environment includes overhead power lines, underground power lines, and service entrance power. These are environments where electricians make measurements every day. In order for you to make measurements in these environments safely, Fluke has upgraded most of its test lead products to meet the new CAT IV standards. If you find yourself making measurements in these areas and have an older set of leads, you might want to consider replacing them with leads that are clearly marked as rated for CAT IV.

Safety Tip #1: Choosing the correct fuse for your tester can avoid hidden dangers like serious burns & possibly even death

Why does a tester need fuses?

There are a variety of testers on the market, from simple voltage detectors to highly sophisticated digital multimeters (DMMs). Testers that make voltage measurements have a high input impedance that makes an overcurrent condition unlikely. As a result, voltage measuring inputs are generally not designed with fuse protection but with overvoltage protection. But if that same tester is designed to also measure current, fusing is required. Current measuring inputs usually employ a simple shunt through which the measured current flows. This shunt’s resistance is on the order of 0.01 ohms. Add to that the resistance of the test leads (approx. 0.04 ohms), and you have a short of less than 0.1 ohms. This resistance is adequate when you place this short in series with another load to measure the circuit’s current. But it’s an altogether different story when you place this circuit across a voltage source, say the plug outlet in your living room.

This is an all too common mistake made by people measuring both voltage and current. After making a current measurement with the test leads in the current input jacks, the user tries to make a voltage measurement forgetting the leads are in the amps jacks. This effectively places a short across the voltage source. Years ago, when analog meters were the only instrument for making these measurements, this mistake pretty well destroyed the meter movement (the needle wrapped around the top peg), not to mention the internal circuitry. To protect against this common occurrence, meter manufacturers started putting a fuse in series with the meter’s test lead jacks, for an inexpensive and effective solution for a very simple mistake.

Today, most manufacturers still design their testers with fuse protection in the current measuring circuits. As technology has moved forward, the science of fuse design has progressed as well. Although understood by people who build testers, the full impact of fusing is little understood by most tester users. When you make that simple mistake of putting voltage across the current jacks and blow the fuse, you’re at first thankful you didn’t wipe out the meter. But you may then become annoyed with the fact that you have to hunt up a new fuse and replace it before making your next current measurement. Even more frustrating is when you share meters with other people in your shop and someone else blows a fuse and puts the meter away to have the problem discovered by an unsuspecting user.

Using the proper fuse

Specially designed “high-energy” fuses are designed to keep the energy generated by such an electrical short within the fuse enclosure, thus protecting the user from electric shock and burns. These high-energy fuses are designed to limit the length of time the energy is applied and the amount of oxygen available for combustion. Fuses can not only be designed to open at a specified constant current, but at an instantaneous high current as well. This high current is specified as “minimum interrupt current.” Fluke uses fuses with a minimum interrupt rating of 10,000 and 17,000 amps in their testers.

If you take a CAT III 1000 V meter with the test leads in the amps jacks, you will have a series resistance of approximately 0.1 ohms (0.01 for the shunt, 0.04 for the test leads and 0.05 for the fuse and circuit board conductors) between the leads. Now when you accidentally place the leads across a 1,000 volt source, by Ohms Law you will generate a current of 10,000 amps (E/R=I, 1,000/0.1 = 10,000). You want a fuse that will break that current and do it quickly.

In addition to the specially designed fuse element, the high energy fuse is filled with sand. The sand will not only help absorb the shock energy created by the exploding element, but the high temperatures (up to 10,000 °F) generated by the energy will melt the sand and turn it to glass. The glass coats the element and smoothers the fireball by cutting off the available oxygen, keeping you and the tester safe from harm. As you can see, not all fuses of the same amperage and voltage rating are the same. For your own safety you need to be sure the fuses you use are the ones the engineer designed into the tester.

Always refer to the tester’s manual, or check with the tester manufacturer to ensure you have the correct fuse. You can always get replacement fuses for Fluke testers by ordering the part number listed in the tester’s manual. Your safety is worth much more than the money it takes to purchase the proper fuse for which the tester was designed.

ADMET 2011